Allie = omnipotent

1) A balanced diet is key to having a healthy pregnancy.

The Well-Balanced Diet During Pregnancy
To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:6 to 11 servings of grain products

To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:6 to 11 servings of grain products3 to 5 servings of vegetables

2 to 4 servings of fruits

4 to 6 servings of milk and milk products

3 to 4 servings of meat and protein foods

6 to 8 glasses of water, fruit juice, or milk

Limited servings of fatty foods and sweets

Source: March of Dimes: 888-MODIMES, www.modimes.orgVital Vitamins During Pregnancy
You’ll need higher levels of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.

You’ll need higher levels of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.Important Vitamins and Minerals:Calcium (1,000mg) Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cereals

Folate (folic acid is the synthetic form, available in supplements)(600mcg) Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagusWhere to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Iron (27mg) Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains

Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Protein (70g) Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nutsWhere to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Vitamin C (85mg) Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts

Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Omega-3 Fatty Acids (200-300mg)Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetablesWhere to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cereals Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables The Big Omega 3’s
Omega 3s are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in fish, game, seeds, and plants. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are one of four types of fats you’re your body gets through your food. Even though Omega 3s are called “fatty acids,” they are very good for you and are a necessary component for both mental and physical health. Omega 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. This is because they cannot be produced by your own body, but instead need to be taken in through essential foods.

Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cereals Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Omega 3s are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in fish, game, seeds, and plants. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are one of four types of fats you’re your body gets through your food. Even though Omega 3s are called “fatty acids,” they are very good for you and are a necessary component for both mental and physical health. Omega 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. This is because they cannot be produced by your own body, but instead need to be taken in through essential foods.Types of Omega 3s
There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions.There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): EPA is found primarily in fish and fish oil.

There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions. EPA is found primarily in fish and fish oil. Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA): DHA is especially important to your body, and is also found primarily in fish. DHA is especially important to your body, and is also found primarily in fish. Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA): ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.Omega 3 helps to:

ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.Omega 3 helps to:build the brain

form the retinas

develop the nervous system

Omega 3 is also necessary for your own pregnancy health and wellbeing Omega 3 helps to:

reduce your chances of developing preeclampsia

reduce your risk for postpartum depression

minimize the chance of preterm labor

Good Omega 3 Sources
Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:oily fish, like mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and pilchards

Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:oily fish, like mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and pilchardsOmega 3 fish oil supplements

fresh or frozen tuna

-

– tones uterus; regulates contractions at birth; use only during third trimester

-

– helps relieve leg cramps; helps prevent possible miscarriage

-

–tones uterus; regulates contractions at birth; use only during third trimester

-

– reduces constipation with regular use; calming — 1-2 cups daily; avoid high doses

-

– diuretic to reduce edema (fluid build up esp. in feet and wrists; helps decrease high blood pressure

-

– antispasmodic (relieves muscle cramps); helps prevent possible miscarriage

-

– rich mineral source; root tea or tincture decreases constipation; root & leaf tea are diuretic decreasing edema and raised blood pressure

-

– helps prevent possible miscarriage; eases nausea

-

– reduces constipation, carminative (relieves excess gas)

-

– relieves nausea; — very high amounts may lead to miscarriage

-

– improves circulation; decreases high blood pressure

-

– rich mineral and silica content for strong bones; long-term use requires thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation

-

– calming; relieves nausea — 1-2 cups daily; avoid high doses

– calming; relieves nausea; carminative

-

– rich mineral source

-

– tones uterus to prepare for birth

-

– carminative

-

– tones uterus; improves contractions; decreases constipation

-

– calming

-

– relieves constipation; nourishing

-

– relieves uterine painsDuring pregnancy, you will require an additional 300 calories per day, but limit fat intake to 30% or less of your total daily calorie intake) …

– relieves uterine painsDuring , you will require an additional 300 per day, but limit fat to 30% or less of your total daily )

When Pregnant with twins:

When you are having a multiple pregnancy, it is necessary to increase your nutritional intake even more than you would with a single pregnancy. In general, you need to increase the amount of protein that you eat. Protein is the building block of every cell in your body and your babies’ bodies. It will help you build a good placenta and a strong amniotic sac. A healthy diet will also help fight against infection.

2 . Myths

The Spicy Food Fraud
Spicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term laborSpicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term laborMyth: Eat up, you’re eating for two.
Fact: Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin.

Spicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term labor Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin.Eat up, you’re eating for two. Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin. Myth: Salt will make you swell up.
Fact: Salt is an essential nutrient, even when you are pregnant and it should not be removed from your diet to prevent swelling. Some swelling in pregnancy is normal, if your swelling is continuous you may want to consider the other foods you are eating to be sure you are getting enough protein and water. Also take a serious look at the amount of time you are giving yourself to rest. Rule of thumb, salt your food to taste.

Salt will make you swell up. Salt is an essential nutrient, even when you are pregnant and it should not be removed from your diet to prevent swelling. Some swelling in pregnancy is normal, if your swelling is continuous you may want to consider the other foods you are eating to be sure you are getting enough protein and water. Also take a serious look at the amount of time you are giving yourself to rest. Rule of thumb, salt your food to taste.Myth: You need to watch your weight carefully.
Fact: The amount of weight you gain says nothing about your overall health. You can gain a lot of weight eating junk food, or you can gain a lot of weight eating the right amount of healthy foods. To avoid problems in pregnancy, pay less attention to the scale, and more attention to the foods you are eating. Keep a list of everything you eat for a couple days, look over the list and see how your eating stacks up. If you need to make changes, do so. The scale can never tell you if you are eating well.

You need to watch your weight carefully. The amount of weight you gain says nothing about your overall health. You can gain a lot of weight eating junk food, or you can gain a lot of weight eating the right amount of healthy foods. To avoid problems in pregnancy, pay less attention to the scale, and more attention to the foods you are eating. Keep a list of everything you eat for a couple days, look over the list and see how your eating stacks up. If you need to make changes, do so. The scale can never tell you if you are eating well. Myth: The baby will just take what it needs from you.
Fact: Your baby is being built from protein, a nutrient that your body uses to build tissues, but does not store extra quantities for use in building your baby. If you are not eating adequate protein, your health will suffer as your body begins to break down your tissues (muscle) to feed the baby. The only source of protein your baby has is from the food you eat.

The baby will just take what it needs from you. Your baby is being built from protein, a nutrient that your body uses to build tissues, but does not store extra quantities for use in building your baby. If you are not eating adequate protein, your health will suffer as your body begins to break down your tissues (muscle) to feed the baby. The only source of protein your baby has is from the food you eat. Myth: If you eat a little less, the baby will take some of the extra fat off you.
Fact: Your baby is not being built from fat. Fat is a way your body stores glucose, the main source of energy for your body. The difference is that glucose can not be made into protein to build your babies tissues. If you are not eating enough, your body will have to break down tissues (muscle) to build the baby from and you will get sick and weak.

If you eat a little less, the baby will take some of the extra fat off you. Your baby is not being built from fat. Fat is a way your body stores glucose, the main source of energy for your body. The difference is that glucose can not be made into protein to build your babies tissues. If you are not eating enough, your body will have to break down tissues (muscle) to build the baby from and you will get sick and weak. Myth: A low fat diet will help keep the extra weight off.
Fact: Fat is essential to your bodies metabolism of water soluble vitamins, it is not the enemy. Fat is no more the culprit for overweight than carbohydrates or proteins are. The problem is not that it is eaten, but that too much is eaten. Too much food of any type will be stored by your body for later use as fat. Low fat diets can be extremely dangerous in pregnancy because most foods considered “fatty” are good sources of protein, such as eggs, meats and cheese. A diet low in protein foods is dangerous in pregnancy.

A low fat diet will help keep the extra weight off. Fat is essential to your bodies metabolism of water soluble vitamins, it is not the enemy. Fat is no more the culprit for overweight than carbohydrates or proteins are. The problem is not that it is eaten, but that too much is eaten. Too much food of any type will be stored by your body for later use as fat. Low fat diets can be extremely dangerous in pregnancy because most foods considered “fatty” are good sources of protein, such as eggs, meats and cheese. A diet low in protein foods is dangerous in pregnancy..

3. Mitosis in a “Typical” Animal Cell

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v510/s1lverandc0ld/mitosis2.jpg

Instruction Manuel

First Person

September 20, 2006

I’m not pregnant…

Third Person

You probably sayin: Whaaaaaaaaaat? She ain’t pregnant?! Well it’s tue fool. But, this don’t have ta be you! Here are some ways you can get your own little G…or Shawty.

1) Third Party Reproduction(Egg Donation)

The Yale Egg Donation Program, which began in 1989, was one of the first programs of its kind in the Northeast.The goal of the program is to provide women an opportunity to achieve a pregnancy that would otherwise be impossible. Oocyte (egg) donation allows women, whose ovaries do not contain eggs or contain eggs that are unlikely to result in healthy embryos, to conceive.

Many women are choosing egg donation programs when other traditional infertility procedures, including IVF, have been unsuccessful. It is a good opportunity for many couples who have repeatedly failed IVF cycles. It is also appropriate for women who were born without ovaries, whose ovaries have been removed due to endometriosis, tumors, surgery, whose ovaries may have been damaged by radiation or chemotherapy, or whose ovaries are now producing eggs with decreased viability due to advanced maternal age, premature menopause, or chromosomal abnormalities.”

2) Fuel up on folic acidFolic Acid is a synthetic form of folate, a B vitamin that can help reduce the risk of serious birth defects that affect the brain and spinal cord. For this reason, the FDA recommends that all women attempting pregnancy take folic acid supplements for decreasing the chances of birth defects that you may have experienced with your last attempt.

3) Quit smoking, drinking and drugs now

3)Smoking or taking drugs greatly lower your chances of getting pregnant and can lead to miscarriages, premature birth, and low-birth weight babies. Plus, research suggests that smoking can affect your fertility and lower your partner’s sperm count. In fact, studies have shown that even secondhand smoke may affect your chances of getting pregnant. It is also recommend that women avoid alcohol when trying for pregnancy.

4) Cut down on CaffeineResearch shows that too much caffeine can reduce your ability to absorb iron and increase your risk of a stillbirth. Avoid coffee, tea, colas, and energy drinks. Switch to decaf to increase your chances of getting pregnant. If you are completely addicted to caffine, then the safe limit would be a cup a day. Try switching to milkshakes which will boost your calcium and assist in conception.

5) Get your weight in checkHealthy weight women have an easier time getting pregnant than overweight or underweight women. Studies show that women whose body mass index (BMI) is below 20 or above 30 have a harder time getting pregnant, so get into the 20-30 range before you attempt.

6) Timing is everythingYou will have little chance of getting pregnant if you had sex on the wrong days and missed the most fertile ones. Figure out your ovulation days.

You will have little chance of getting pregnant if you had sex on the wrong days and missed the most fertile ones. Figure out your ovulation days.7) Mind Control

Women who suffer from depression are twice as likely to have problems with fertility as women who don’t. Get a mental health check if you notice signs of depression. Also, try stress management techniques, such as yoga and meditation, which research suggests can also help in getting pregnant.

Fertility Pills:

According to the Mayo Clinic, fertility drugs are the primary treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders. These pills will regulate or start ovulation. In general, they exert actions designed to work like natural follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Some causes of infertility can’t be helped.

Fertility drugs may cause multiple births or premature labor. Babies born prematurely are at increased risk of health and developmental problems- and sometimes death.

 1) A balanced diet is key to having a healthy pregnancy.

The Well-Balanced Diet During Pregnancy
To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:6 to 11 servings of grain productsTo get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:6 to 11 servings of grain products3 to 5 servings of vegetables

To get the nutrients you both need (hat is you and your baby), plan your meals to include these daily basics:6 to 11 servings of grain products3 to 5 servings of vegetables2 to 4 servings of fruits

4 to 6 servings of milk and milk products

3 to 4 servings of meat and protein foods

6 to 8 glasses of water, fruit juice, or milk

Limited servings of fatty foods and sweets

Source: March of Dimes: 888-MODIMES, www.modimes.orgVital Vitamins During Pregnancy
You’ll need higher levels of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy. You’ll need higher levels of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.Important Vitamins and Minerals:Calcium (1,000mg) Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cerealsFolate (folic acid is the synthetic form, available in supplements)(600mcg) Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagusWhere to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Iron (27mg) Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains

Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Protein (70g) Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nutsWhere to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Vitamin C (85mg) Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts

Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Omega-3 Fatty Acids (200-300mg)Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetablesWhere to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cereals Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables The Big Omega 3’s
Omega 3s are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in fish, game, seeds, and plants. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are one of four types of fats you’re your body gets through your food. Even though Omega 3s are called “fatty acids,” they are very good for you and are a necessary component for both mental and physical health. Omega 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. This is because they cannot be produced by your own body, but instead need to be taken in through essential foods.

Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Where to get it: Dairy foods, dark leafy greens, calcium-fortified soy milk, calcium-fortified juices and cereals Where to get it: Dried beans, peas, lentils, orange juice, oranges, dark leafy greens, soy nuts, avocados, broccoli, asparagus Where to get it: Liver, meat, seafood, prune juice, dry beans, wheat germ, oatmeal, tofu, soy nuts, grains Where to get it: Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods, beans and legumes, nuts Where to get it: Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, bell peppers, tomatoes, dark leafy greens, broccoli, Brussel sprouts Where to get it: Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy-green vegetables Omega 3s are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in fish, game, seeds, and plants. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are one of four types of fats you’re your body gets through your food. Even though Omega 3s are called “fatty acids,” they are very good for you and are a necessary component for both mental and physical health. Omega 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. This is because they cannot be produced by your own body, but instead need to be taken in through essential foods.Types of Omega 3s
There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions.There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): EPA is found primarily in fish and fish oil.

There are three main types of Omega 3 essential fatty acids. Your body can use all three of these Omega 3s to help perform different functions. EPA is found primarily in fish and fish oil. Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA): DHA is especially important to your body, and is also found primarily in fish. DHA is especially important to your body, and is also found primarily in fish. Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA): ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.Omega 3 helps to:ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.Omega 3 helps to:build the brain

ALA is found mostly in seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. It is converted into EPA and then into DHA in your body.Omega 3 helps to:build the brainform the retinas

develop the nervous system

Omega 3 is also necessary for your own pregnancy health and wellbeing Omega 3 helps to:

reduce your chances of developing preeclampsia

reduce your risk for postpartum depression

minimize the chance of preterm labor

Good Omega 3 Sources
Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:oily fish, like mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and pilchardsOmega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:oily fish, like mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and pilchardsOmega 3 fish oil supplements

Omega 3 is best found in fish and fish oil products. High levels of Omega 3 are found in:oily fish, like mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and pilchardsOmega 3 fish oil supplementsfresh or frozen tuna

-

– tones uterus; regulates contractions at birth; use only during third trimester

-

– helps relieve leg cramps; helps prevent possible miscarriage

-

–tones uterus; regulates contractions at birth; use only during third trimester

-

– reduces constipation with regular use; calming — 1-2 cups daily; avoid high doses

-

– diuretic to reduce edema (fluid build up esp. in feet and wrists; helps decrease high blood pressure

-

– antispasmodic (relieves muscle cramps); helps prevent possible miscarriage

-

– rich mineral source; root tea or tincture decreases constipation; root & leaf tea are diuretic decreasing edema and raised blood pressure

-

– helps prevent possible miscarriage; eases nausea

-

– reduces constipation, carminative (relieves excess gas)

-

– relieves nausea; — very high amounts may lead to miscarriage

-

– improves circulation; decreases high blood pressure

-

– rich mineral and silica content for strong bones; long-term use requires thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation

-

– calming; relieves nausea — 1-2 cups daily; avoid high doses

– calming; relieves nausea; carminative

-

– rich mineral source

-

– tones uterus to prepare for birth

-

– carminative

-

– tones uterus; improves contractions; decreases constipation

-

– calming

-

– relieves constipation; nourishing

-

– relieves uterine painsDuring pregnancy, you will require an additional 300 calories per day, but limit fat intake to 30% or less of your total daily calorie intake) …

, you will require an additional 300 per day, but limit fat to 30% or less of your total daily )– relieves uterine painsDuring , you will require an additional 300 per day, but limit fat to 30% or less of your total daily )

When Pregnant with twins:

When you are having a multiple pregnancy, it is necessary to increase your nutritional intake even more than you would with a single pregnancy. In general, you need to increase the amount of protein that you eat. Protein is the building block of every cell in your body and your babies’ bodies. It will help you build a good placenta and a strong amniotic sac. A healthy diet will also help fight against infection.

2 . Myths

The Spicy Food Fraud
Spicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term laborSpicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term laborMyth: Eat up, you’re eating for two.
Fact: Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin.

Spicy food will bring on labor. “For the most part, pregnant women can eat just about anything, but there are certain foods that we tell them to look out for, or to try and avoid,” says Dr. Stone. Those include very soft cheeses, unpasteurized cheeses and raw-milk cheese. Though rare, they may contain a bacteria called lysteria that has been associated with miscarriage or pre-term labor Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin.Eat up, you’re eating for two. Whoa, slow down there grandma and put the second helping of lasagna away. A pregnant woman may be eating for two, but one of them only weighs a few pounds. Your body only needs between 200 and 300 extra calories when you are pregnant. That is about the amount in one cooked chicken breast, without the skin. Myth: Salt will make you swell up.
Fact: Salt is an essential nutrient, even when you are pregnant and it should not be removed from your diet to prevent swelling. Some swelling in pregnancy is normal, if your swelling is continuous you may want to consider the other foods you are eating to be sure you are getting enough protein and water. Also take a serious look at the amount of time you are giving yourself to rest. Rule of thumb, salt your food to taste.

Salt will make you swell up. Salt is an essential nutrient, even when you are pregnant and it should not be removed from your diet to prevent swelling. Some swelling in pregnancy is normal, if your swelling is continuous you may want to consider the other foods you are eating to be sure you are getting enough protein and water. Also take a serious look at the amount of time you are giving yourself to rest. Rule of thumb, salt your food to taste.Myth: You need to watch your weight carefully.
Fact: The amount of weight you gain says nothing about your overall health. You can gain a lot of weight eating junk food, or you can gain a lot of weight eating the right amount of healthy foods. To avoid problems in pregnancy, pay less attention to the scale, and more attention to the foods you are eating. Keep a list of everything you eat for a couple days, look over the list and see how your eating stacks up. If you need to make changes, do so. The scale can never tell you if you are eating well.

You need to watch your weight carefully. The amount of weight you gain says nothing about your overall health. You can gain a lot of weight eating junk food, or you can gain a lot of weight eating the right amount of healthy foods. To avoid problems in pregnancy, pay less attention to the scale, and more attention to the foods you are eating. Keep a list of everything you eat for a couple days, look over the list and see how your eating stacks up. If you need to make changes, do so. The scale can never tell you if you are eating well. Myth: The baby will just take what it needs from you.
Fact: Your baby is being built from protein, a nutrient that your body uses to build tissues, but does not store extra quantities for use in building your baby. If you are not eating adequate protein, your health will suffer as your body begins to break down your tissues (muscle) to feed the baby. The only source of protein your baby has is from the food you eat.

The baby will just take what it needs from you. Your baby is being built from protein, a nutrient that your body uses to build tissues, but does not store extra quantities for use in building your baby. If you are not eating adequate protein, your health will suffer as your body begins to break down your tissues (muscle) to feed the baby. The only source of protein your baby has is from the food you eat. Myth: If you eat a little less, the baby will take some of the extra fat off you.
Fact: Your baby is not being built from fat. Fat is a way your body stores glucose, the main source of energy for your body. The difference is that glucose can not be made into protein to build your babies tissues. If you are not eating enough, your body will have to break down tissues (muscle) to build the baby from and you will get sick and weak.

If you eat a little less, the baby will take some of the extra fat off you. Your baby is not being built from fat. Fat is a way your body stores glucose, the main source of energy for your body. The difference is that glucose can not be made into protein to build your babies tissues. If you are not eating enough, your body will have to break down tissues (muscle) to build the baby from and you will get sick and weak. Myth: A low fat diet will help keep the extra weight off.
Fact: Fat is essential to your bodies metabolism of water soluble vitamins, it is not the enemy. Fat is no more the culprit for overweight than carbohydrates or proteins are. The problem is not that it is eaten, but that too much is eaten. Too much food of any type will be stored by your body for later use as fat. Low fat diets can be extremely dangerous in pregnancy because most foods considered “fatty” are good sources of protein, such as eggs, meats and cheese. A diet low in protein foods is dangerous in pregnancy.

A low fat diet will help keep the extra weight off. Fat is essential to your bodies metabolism of water soluble vitamins, it is not the enemy. Fat is no more the culprit for overweight than carbohydrates or proteins are. The problem is not that it is eaten, but that too much is eaten. Too much food of any type will be stored by your body for later use as fat. Low fat diets can be extremely dangerous in pregnancy because most foods considered “fatty” are good sources of protein, such as eggs, meats and cheese. A diet low in protein foods is dangerous in pregnancy.3. Mitosis in a “Typical” Animal Cell (attatched)

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Instruction Manuel

First Person

September 20, 2006

I’m not pregnant…

Third Person

You probably sayin: Whaaaaaaaaaat? She ain’t pregnant?! Well it’s tue fool. But, this don’t have ta be you! Here are some ways you can get your own little G…or Shawty.

1) Third Party Reproduction(Egg Donation)The Yale Egg Donation Program, which began in 1989, was one of the first programs of its kind in the Northeast.

The Yale Egg Donation Program, which began in 1989, was one of the first programs of its kind in the Northeast.The goal of the program is to provide women an opportunity to achieve a pregnancy that would otherwise be impossible. Oocyte (egg) donation allows women, whose ovaries do not contain eggs or contain eggs that are unlikely to result in healthy embryos, to conceive.Many women are choosing egg donation programs when other traditional infertility procedures, including IVF, have been unsuccessful. It is a good opportunity for many couples who have repeatedly failed IVF cycles. It is also appropriate for women who were born without ovaries, whose ovaries have been removed due to endometriosis, tumors, surgery, whose ovaries may have been damaged by radiation or chemotherapy, or whose ovaries are now producing eggs with decreased viability due to advanced maternal age, premature menopause, or chromosomal abnormalities.”

2) Fuel up on folic acidFolic Acid is a synthetic form of folate, a B vitamin that can help reduce the risk of serious birth defects that affect the brain and spinal cord. For this reason, the FDA recommends that all women attempting pregnancy take folic acid supplements for decreasing the chances of birth defects that you may have experienced with your last attempt.3) Quit smoking, drinking and drugs now

3)Smoking or taking drugs greatly lower your chances of getting pregnant and can lead to miscarriages, premature birth, and low-birth weight babies. Plus, research suggests that smoking can affect your fertility and lower your partner’s sperm count. In fact, studies have shown that even secondhand smoke may affect your chances of getting pregnant. It is also recommend that women avoid alcohol when trying for pregnancy.

4) Cut down on CaffeineResearch shows that too much caffeine can reduce your ability to absorb iron and increase your risk of a stillbirth. Avoid coffee, tea, colas, and energy drinks. Switch to decaf to increase your chances of getting pregnant. If you are completely addicted to caffine, then the safe limit would be a cup a day. Try switching to milkshakes which will boost your calcium and assist in conception.5) Get your weight in checkHealthy weight women have an easier time getting pregnant than overweight or underweight women. Studies show that women whose body mass index (BMI) is below 20 or above 30 have a harder time getting pregnant, so get into the 20-30 range before you attempt.

6) Timing is everythingYou will have little chance of getting pregnant if you had sex on the wrong days and missed the most fertile ones. Figure out your ovulation days.You will have little chance of getting pregnant if you had sex on the wrong days and missed the most fertile ones. Figure out your ovulation days.7) Mind Control

You will have little chance of getting pregnant if you had sex on the wrong days and missed the most fertile ones. Figure out your ovulation days.7)Women who suffer from depression are twice as likely to have problems with fertility as women who don’t. Get a mental health check if you notice signs of depression. Also, try stress management techniques, such as yoga and meditation, which research suggests can also help in getting pregnant.

Fertility Pills:

According to the Mayo Clinic, fertility drugs are the primary treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders. These pills will regulate or start ovulation. In general, they exert actions designed to work like natural follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Some causes of infertility can’t be helped.

Fertility drugs may cause multiple births or premature labor. Babies born prematurely are at increased risk of health and developmental problems- and sometimes death.

Okay. so here it goes. First things first! You MUST MUST MUST MUST MUST watch this. You will need to watch this to understand the background of me and my husband Matthew. (It is the music video Wake Me Up When September Ends.)http://www.sponsorsnet.com/findingads.php?q=WXfYcgYdYgVd6JLJvFNRDyK%3CRxxN%7B%7B1%3CV5UWdU8UVXTbZaecZ5TVe5TUVUbTVcdaYc4aaYcaacY5&ref=http%3A//www.getmusicvideocodes.com/search.php&nexturl=http%3A//www.getmusicvideocodes.com/green+day/music-video-codes/10371.html&kw=Wake%20Me%20Up%20When%20September%20Ends

FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW

September 1, 2006

My name is Alexandria, and this is my story. No, this is my life, my reality, my passion, my frustration, but most of all- my love. As the surreal moments of this day pass me by I am completely dejected. It has been a year today that my husband and I said “I do.” We are both young, straight out of highschool in fact. We have been struggling to pay our way through college, but more importantly keep a roof over our heads. We have been dreaming of a life together since we were mere 8th graders. It happened, and it was the best thing to happen to either of us. But times have been so rough lately that the only way out seemed to be through Matthew to enlist in the army. He enlisted about 5 months ago. But, today, on our one year anniversary….he is leaving. He’s leaving to Iraq for an entire year. It has been a year exactly since we wed, but it has only been a week since I found out that I, I am pregnant.

THIRD PERSON POINT OF VIEW

(Makes record scratching noise) NOW HOLD UP!

DIZANGGGG. This situation went for hot..to NOT! Alexandria is in quite the perdicament. But, through this helpful how-to-handle-pregnancy instruction manuel, written by me, MR. T, YOU will never be held back by these problems, FOOL! Now, back to the tears. I pity the fool who don’t love my book!

FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW

September 7, 2006

I’ve realized that since Matt is going to be absent from my life for some time that I will have to do everything on my own for a while…even the birth. I am currently working as a UPS delivery woman. I am slightly frightened of what will happen to me while carrying and pushing around all those heavy packages. Especially since I have been losing sleep. All I can think about it Matt. I’ve found myself crying for no reason- and I can’t tell if that’s from my raging hormones or for just plain depression. Before he left he told me that he will always write to me, always think of me, and always keep me and his baby in his prayers. I received his first letter today. He is in Iraq now, and exhausted. The last thing I want it him to be shot and killed. What would having no father do to the baby?

THIRD PERSON

Fosho. It seems as though Alexandria is suffering from a number of things, fool. So far we’ve found that she has a strenuous job, possibly depression, and losing sleep. Each of these ailments can cause complications with her baby. For starters, fool, a pregnant woman should never ever have to carry, or push, heavy packages! This can cause a premature birth which will most likely mean the death of her baby.

Next, fool, her depression ain’t cool with Mr. T. Here’s why:

Depression causes in a fool:

The chronic fatigue.

The increase of physical aches and pains that have no apparent source.

Increased susceptibility to disease.

Being depressed can feel like a physical disorder because it is so exhausting, and because it can actually hurt.

Depression is bad for you, fool! The constant stress this shawty is under will cause her to lose sleep, and possibly make her go into labor early! Plus, a sustained increase in stress hormones actually suppresses the immune system. I pity the fool.

During deep sleep, our bodies immune system is under repair. Lack of deep sleep is common amongst depression sufferers due to the excessive time spent in REM. (REM The rapid periodic jerky movement of the eyes during certain stages of the sleep cycle when dreaming takes place., fool.)Without this time to repair, our immune system is weakened, making us more susceptible to disease. If she were to get a disease that would not be good- common sense- because the baby would most likely be a carrier of the disease. I pity the fool

Also a study done on October 22, 1999 showed all of this:

“Chronic sleep loss can reduce the capacity of even young adults to perform basic metabolic functions such as processing and storing carbohydrates or regulating hormone secretion, report researchers from the University of Chicago Medical Center. Gillin’s team at the University of California, San Diego, and the San Diego VA Medical Center found that the brains of some sleep-deprived study participants tried to overcome the language-center shut-down by shifting activity to another part of the brain. These individuals performed better on the memory test than their sleep-deprived peers, but not as well as they did when rested. Cutting back from the standard eight down to four hours of sleep each night produced striking changes in glucose tolerance and endocrine function-changes that resembled the effects of advanced age or the early stages of diabetes-after less than one week. They found profound alterations of glucose metabolism, in some situations resembling patients with type-2 diabetes, during sleep deprivation. When tested during the height of their sleep debt, subjects took 40 percent longer than normal to regulate their blood sugar levels following a high-carbohydrate meal. Their ability to secrete insulin and to respond to insulin both decreased by about 30 percent. A similar decrease in acute insulin response is an early marker of diabetes. Sleep deprivation also altered the production and action of other hormones, dampening the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone and increasing blood levels of cortisol, especially during the afternoon and evening. Elevated evening cortisol levels are typical of much older subjects and are thought to be related to age-related health problems such as insulin resistance and memory impairment.” Which = BAD. I pity the fool!

FIRST PERSON

September 10, 2006

I’ve been worrying the past few days about my UPS career. I’m afraid that in a few months I will not be able to drive behind the wheel either. (Along with the paskage carrying/pushing this is a problem.) I don’t know if I can be supported enough with only Matt’s income fromt the army. I also believe that my “sadness” has progressed to depression. I’m looking into buying medication to fight it, but I’m afraid it could hurt the baby. I’m still not getting enough sleep. Yesterday I ran a red light, and almost went off the road in my UPS truck. I don’t know what’s happening. All of this on top of morning sickness is wearing on me.

THIRD PERSON

Fool. The research team also found that it is bad for your brain when you are trying to do high-level [thinking] tasks,” study co-author J. Christian Gillin, MD, tells WebMD. “It may have serious consequences both on performance and on the way your brain functions.” This diary entry is already showing that she is suffering from this. She could get in a car crash, kill her child, and herself if she keeps going at this rate. I pity the fool!

AAA offers these tips to ensure safe driving during pregnancy:

• Buckle Up. Safety belts are required by law and proven to prevent injury and death. During pregnancy, it’s important to position the belt appropriately. Place the shoulder strap high across your chest away from your neck and the lap belt below your stomach and across your hips and upper thighs. Never place the lap belt above or on your abdomen.

• Be careful when using safety belt positioning devices made specifically for pregnant women. These “aftermarket products” aren’t governed by any federal motor-vehicle safety standard.

• Move your seat back so that you’ve got at least 10 inches of space between your body and the steering wheel. Sit back against the seat and don’t lean forward.

• Some cars, particularly compact and sports cars, may not work for pregnant women. If you don’t feel comfortable, your vehicle may have to increase in size.

•When driving a long distance, take frequent breaks. Stopping every hour or two to stretch your legs will help minimize swollen ankles and prevent blood clots from forming, which can occur when you sit for long period of time. (Blood clots can cause premature labor)

•If you reach a point in your pregnancy when you no longer feel comfortable behind-the-wheel, talk to your health care provider.

Her money problem is also an issue. I pity the fool. She can either change her job to a grocery bagger, or get time off for her pregnancy period. Although, fool, when she does have the baby she will definately have to have time off. Either that or leave the baby with a PROFESSIONAL nany. If not, the child could grow up with emotional disorders, like a feeling of neglect.

FIRST PERSON

September 12, 2006

Today I went to McDonald’s. I miss Matt. A supersized big mac meal is ALWAYS my comfort food. ALWAYS

THIRD PERSON

I PITY THE FOOL.

What ever you eat, your baby eats. The high sodium, fat, and preservatives are not good for any child. As for the morning sickness there are many ways to prevent that. For example:

Allow yourself enough of time to get out of bed. Try getting up an hour earlier. It is a good idea to keep a stash of crackers or dry cereal by your bed so you can put something in your stomach as soon as you wake up. Get out of bed slowly as you start your day.

During the Day:

Eat small meals throughout your day to avoid getting too full or too hungry. It is said that progesterone slows the speed of food passing through your digestive tract. To further prevent your stomach from getting too full or too empty, you should drink fluids a 1/2 hour before or after a meal, but not with your meals. But DO drink fluids throughout your day to avoid dehydration.

Get plenty of rest when ever you can. This is especially important if you have to get up early in the morning. But NEVER take a nap right after a meal.

Eat whatever you feel like eating, whenever you feel you can. Trust your cravings, they won’t let you down. Unless it is a bigmac supersized like Alexandria did. That is just sick, fool!

Avoid being in warm places, which can increase your nausea.

In the Evening:

For dinner avoid spicy, greasy foods. Prepare things that are bland and do not have a strong odor. You may have to avoid cooking in the kitchen for the first trimester. Oh, too bad!

Most importantly, go to bed early! You need your rest to have the energy to get up early and do it all over again. If you happen to wake up in the middle of the night, to go to the bathroom and eat something from your bedside stash!

1. If I were to find that I was pregnant (when I’m older) I would be either excited I will be married if I get pregnant. But if I was under 23 I would be a little disappointed since I still woul dhave a lot of things I could do.

2.  I would feel that I had to start eating healthier and pay attention to how active I am so that I will have a healthy baby.

3. I would feel that it would be smart to get a blood test to see what deficiencies I had. For example if I had an iron deficiency I would be sure to take iron suppliments, or eat iron enriched food.

4. I would make sure that both my husband and I has jobs that did interact with our baby’s health.

5. And finally, I would plan on making my house baby proof. This way when the infant began to crawl there wouldn’t be any hazardous materials on the ground. I would also cover all sharp corners to protect him/her.

i emailed it to you because it isn’t working, at least i don’t think…i put it up on here too though

Section 1 Ch. 35

1. The nervous system maintains homeostasis by cardinating the body’s response to change in its internal and external environment.

2. The 4 types of tissue are muscle tissue, epitheral tissue, connective, and nervous tissue.

3. The integumentary and circulatory systems help regulate organ system.

4. The hypothalamus can be compared to a thermastat because like a thermastat it sets the temperature in the body, like a thermastat sets the temperature in the house.

5. The blood is a tissue because it is made up of smaller parts like: plasma, cells, and water and is built up into this final product.

section 2

1. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

2. An impluse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuronor by the environment.

3. The 3 types of neurons are sensory, motor, and interneurons. Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them, and sensory neuron carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

4. The myelin sheath surrounds a single long axon leavesmany gaps, called nodes, where the axon membrane is exposed. As an impulse moves along the axon, it jump from one node to the next, which increases the speed at which the impulse can travel. It basically insulates the axon.

5. The all-or-none response means that it depends on how much pain the pain causer causes. If you were to get scratched lightly by a thorn on a rose you may not notice. But if that same thorn penatrated your skin you would definately feel more pain.

Section 3

1. The central nervous system releases messages, processes info, and analyzes info.

2. The sensory divsion of the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system. The moto division transmits impulses from the central nevous system to the muscles or glands.

3. The CNS is like the central processing unit of a computer because it relays messages, processes information and analyzes the info.

4. A reflex is part of the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system because the PNS’s sensory division transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system. The motor division transmkits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands.

5. Humans have a more developed cerebrum because it controls the voluntary activities of the body. Thus it controls things such as intelligence, learning, and judgement. As human’s we are the most advanced creatures and so we need all of these attributes in order to survive. The more developed our cerebrum is, the more we can do- in short.

section 4

1. The 5 types of sensory of sensory receptors are: pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

2. The part of the eye are the pupil, the small opening in the middle of the iris, the lens, which helps you adjust your eyes’ focus to see near or distant objects, the retina, where the lens focuses light onto, rods photoreceptors that are sensitive to the light but can’t distingquish colors, and cones that are the other photoreceptors that are less sensitive than rods and respnd to different colors.

3. The three small bones in the ear called the anvil, hammer, and stirrup are responsible for picking up sound vibrations from the air. The semicircular canals and the two tiny sacs behind them aid with the balance of your body.

4. You can’t taste food when you have a cold because we taste through our nose, in a sense at least. As strange as it may sound, chemeoreceptors allow us to taste the food we eat. Try if for yoursel fand hold your nose while eating. You’ll tase a lot less!

5. You feel dizzy after spinning around because as the head changes positions, the canals also have to change position. The constant changing of position brought by spinning is the canals trying to catch up with your body’s rapid movement. Dancers and ice skaters can do lengthy spuins beause they don’t move their head. ?

section 5

1. Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and bretahing rate. In addition, stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapse in the brain.

2. Alcohol is a depressant, and even small amounts of alcohol slow down the rate at which the central nervous system functions.

3. A drug is any substance, other than food, that changes the structure or funtion of the body.

4. You shouldn’t drink and drive because when you drink and drive you are a completely different person! Your senses, especially those of site, ability to make desicions, and sometimes touch are affected. All of these are very important to driving and if any of them are messed up, then that gives you the chance of getting messed up too!

5. I think it is harder to break a psychologically dependency on a drug because you whole body is affected by your brain. If your brain is hooked on this drug, then you can not and will not be able to complete out any activities- not even sleeping- with ou tthis drug. Although, technically if you are mentally dependant on something, then you are ALSO physically dependent on it. So I think it is hard have only one of the dependancies.

i sent it to your email so you can read it, but until you check that here is a preview so you will know that i did do it on time

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v510/s1lverandc0ld/systemscorrnell.jpg

even though it’s mini

Ch. 35 section 1 vocab.

1. Muscle tissue – most abundant tissue in most animals. Muscle tissue controls the internal movement of materials such as blood through the circulatory system and food through the digestive system.

2. Epithelial tissue – cover the surface i the body and line internal organs

3. Connective tissue -holds organs in place and it binds different parts of the body together

4. nervous tissue – receives messages from the body’s external and internal environments, analyze the data, and directs the response

5. feedback inhibition – process by which the product of a system shuts down the system or limits its operation

section 2

1. neuron – transmit the impulses carried by the nervous system

2. cell body – largest part of a typical neuron. It contains a nucleus and much of the cytoplasm. Most metabolic activity of the cell takes place in this.

3. dendrites – branched extensions spreading out of the cell body.

4. axon – long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body

5. myelin sheath – insulating membrane surrounding the axon

6. resting potential – difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of resting neuron.

7. action potential – reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron

8. Threshold – minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron

9. synapse – location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

10. neurotransmitters – chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across the cell membrane of the neighboring cell

section 3

1. central nervous system – consists of the brain and the spinal cord

2. meninges – three layers of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord

3. cerebrospinal fluid – bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system

4. cerebrum – largest and most prominent region of the human brain

5. cerebellum – the second largest region of the brain, located in the back of the skull.

6. brain stem – connects the brain and spinal cord

7. thalamus – received messages from the sense organs

8. hypothalamus – the control center of recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature

9. reflex – quick, automatic response to a stimulus (like sneezing)

section 4

1. Sensory Receptor – neurons that react to light, sound, or other specific stimuli by sending impulses to there neurons and eventual central nervous system

2. pupil – the middle of the iris, contracts and relaxes according to the amount of light

3. lens – behind the iris, help you adjust your eyes’ focus to se near or distant object

4. retina – lens focuses light into this. photoreceptors are arranged in a layer in the retina, they convert light into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous

5. rods -one type of photoreceptors that are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish different color

6. cones – other photoreceptors but less sensitive than rods, but the do respond to light of different colors, producing color vision. they are concentrated in the fovea

7. cochlea – vibrations of the oval window create pressure waves in this fluid filled part of the inner ear

8. semicircular canals – one of three structures within the inner ear that help an organism m maintain balance9. taste buds – organs that detect taste

section 5

1. drug – any substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body

2. stimulant – increase the actions regulated by the nervous system

3. depressant – slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension

4. addiction – uncontrollable craving for more of the drug

5. fetal alcohol syndrome – group of birth defects that caused by the effects of alcohol on the fetus

6. drug abuse – any way in a drug in a way that most doctors could not approve

Diptheria:

a) Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The actual disease is caused when the bacteria release a toxin, or poison, into the person’s body. earliest reported strain of this clonal group was identified in Smolensk in 1985, and that strains of this clonal group were simultaneously present in several geographically distant areas in Russia from 1985 through 1987

b) Diphtheria bacteria reside in the mouth, throat, and nose of an infected person. They can be passed to others by coughing or sneezing. Occasionally, transmission occurs from skin sores or through articles soiled with discharge from sores of infected persons.

c) Early symptoms of diphtheria may seem like a cold with a sore throat, mild fever, and chills. Usually, the disease causes a thick coating of mucus at the back of the throat, which can make it difficult to breathe or swallow. Other body parts, besides the throat, can also be affected, including the nose, larynx, eye, vagina, and skin.

d) The incubation period is short: 2-5 days, with a range of 1-10 days.

e) Diphtheria is treated with both antibiotics and with diphtheria antitoxin. Diphtheria antitoxin is produced in horses and was first used in the United States in 1891. Antitoxin doesn’t get rid of toxin that is already attached to the body’s tissues, but will neutralize any circulating poison and will prevent the disease from getting worse. All patients should be tested for sensitivity to this antitoxin before it is given.

f) Diphtheria was once a extremely feared illness in the United States. In the 1920s, there were 100,000-200,000 cases of diphtheria each year with 13,000-15,000 deaths. Because of widespread immunization and better living conditions, diphtheria is now rare in the United States (fewer than five cases reported per year since 1980). Diphtheria is a serious disease: 5%-10% of all persons with diphtheria die. Up to 20% of cases lead to death in people older than 40 years or younger than 5 years.

g) The population feel from 106,021,537 in 1920 to 105,821,537 when diptharia was finally suppressed by a vaccine.

Hepatitus B

a) Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Scientists believe it may come from monkeys. The first case of hepatitis B was , in Germany in l883.

b) HBV is spread by either skin puncture or mucous membrane contact with the blood or other body fluids of an HBV-infected person. The highest concentrations of the virus occur in blood and wound secretions. Moderate concentrations of HBV are found in semen and vaginal fluid

c) At least 50% of adults with acute hepatitis B show no symptoms. Children under five years of age who become infected rarely show any symptoms. Persons with an acute case of hepatitis B might suffer from nausea, lack of appetite, tiredness, pains in the muscles, joints, or stomach, fever, diarrhea or vomiting, headache, dark urine, light-colored stools, and yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

d) The incubation period ranges from six weeks to six months.

e) There are several FDA-approved medications that may help a person who has chronic HBV infection. Researchers continue to seek additional cures for hepatitis B.

f) Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide. In about 45% of persons on treatment achieve a sustained response.

g) from last year to this year the world population was reduced to 6,448,800,000

influenza

a) The influenza epidemic was first documented in Italy in 1743.

b) Influenza is transmitted through the air from the respiratory tract of an infected person. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with respiratory droplets.

c) Typical influenza disease is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and non-productive cough. Additional symptoms may include runny nose, headache, a burning sensation in the chest, and eye pain and sensitivity to light.

d) The incubation period of influenza is usually two days but can range from one to five days.

e) There is a vaccine to prevent you from catching influenza every year. but there are other preventions:

1. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. If you are not near water, use an alcohol-based hand cleaner.

2. Stay away as much as you can from people who are sick.

3. If you get influenza, stay home from work or school. If you are sick, don’t go near other people to avoid infecting them.

4. Try not to touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs often spread this way.

f) Between September 1918 and March 1919, an epidemic of Spanish influenza swept through the United States and the world. The flu virus caused the deaths of more than 500,000 Americans and 25 million people worldwide

g) the population decreased to 6,425,000,000

TB

a) Tuberculosis was present in humans skeletal remains in 4000 BC, the origins of the disease are in the first domestication of cattle. There were references to TB in India around 2000 BC.

b) TB is spread through droplets in the air which are expelled when a person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or spits.

c) Symptoms are a bloody cough, fever, pallor, and long relentless wasting.

d) After a person has been infected, TB can lie dormant for long periods of time; in fact, a person who contracts the infection may never get the disease and live a whole lifetime unaware of it. Other people get the disease very quickly after infection. How quickly TB infection becomes TB disease is determined in part by the strength of a person’s immune system. Stronger immune systems can often hold the disease at bay; weaker ones are less able to do so.

e) There is treatment for TB. It takes six to nine months and sometimes longer. Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Ethambutol are a few of the oral medications. Medication can only reduce the risk of dying though, it can’t eliminate it.

f) Despite the marvels of modern medicine, over the past hundred years TB has sent about 200 million people to the grave. Up to two billion people-one third of the world’s population-are already infected with the TB bacillus, a type of bacterium. In addition, another person is infected with TB every second! In 1995 the number of people with full-blown TB was about 22 million. Nearly three million died, most of them in the developing world.

g) the population decreased to 6,250,000,000

Typhoid

a) December 1889, Typhoid Fever broke out in Wentworth.

b) People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons, called carriers , recover from typhoid fever

but continue to carry the bacteria.

c) Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, infected persons have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

d) The incubation differs for typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is usually 8–14 days but this depends on the infective dose and can vary from three days to one month.

Paratyphoid fever is usually one to ten days.

e) Patients will be given antibiotic to treat the disease. Three commonly prescribed antibiotics are ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin

f) 21 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,th000 deaths occur worldwide.

g) The population decreased to 644,800,000

Diptheria:

a) Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The actual disease is caused when the bacteria release a toxin, or poison, into the person’s body. earliest reported strain of this clonal group was identified in Smolensk in 1985, and that strains of this clonal group were simultaneously present in several geographically distant areas in Russia from 1985 through 1987

b) Diphtheria bacteria reside in the mouth, throat, and nose of an infected person. They can be passed to others by coughing or sneezing. Occasionally, transmission occurs from skin sores or through articles soiled with discharge from sores of infected persons.

c) Early symptoms of diphtheria may seem like a cold with a sore throat, mild fever, and chills. Usually, the disease causes a thick coating of mucus at the back of the throat, which can make it difficult to breathe or swallow. Other body parts, besides the throat, can also be affected, including the nose, larynx, eye, vagina, and skin.

d) The incubation period is short: 2-5 days, with a range of 1-10 days.

e) Diphtheria is treated with both antibiotics and with diphtheria antitoxin. Diphtheria antitoxin is produced in horses and was first used in the United States in 1891. Antitoxin doesn’t get rid of toxin that is already attached to the body’s tissues, but will neutralize any circulating poison and will prevent the disease from getting worse. All patients should be tested for sensitivity to this antitoxin before it is given.

f) Diphtheria was once a extremely feared illness in the United States. In the 1920s, there were 100,000-200,000 cases of diphtheria each year with 13,000-15,000 deaths. Because of widespread immunization and better living conditions, diphtheria is now rare in the United States (fewer than five cases reported per year since 1980). Diphtheria is a serious disease: 5%-10% of all persons with diphtheria die. Up to 20% of cases lead to death in people older than 40 years or younger than 5 years.

g) The population feel from 106,021,537 in 1920 to 105,821,537 when diptharia was finally suppressed by a vaccine.

Hepatitus B

a) Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Scientists believe it may come from monkeys. The first case of hepatitis B was , in Germany in l883.

b) HBV is spread by either skin puncture or mucous membrane contact with the blood or other body fluids of an HBV-infected person. The highest concentrations of the virus occur in blood and wound secretions. Moderate concentrations of HBV are found in semen and vaginal fluid

c) At least 50% of adults with acute hepatitis B show no symptoms. Children under five years of age who become infected rarely show any symptoms. Persons with an acute case of hepatitis B might suffer from nausea, lack of appetite, tiredness, pains in the muscles, joints, or stomach, fever, diarrhea or vomiting, headache, dark urine, light-colored stools, and yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

d) The incubation period ranges from six weeks to six months.

e) There are several FDA-approved medications that may help a person who has chronic HBV infection. Researchers continue to seek additional cures for hepatitis B.

f) Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide. In about 45% of persons on treatment achieve a sustained response.

g) from last year to this year the world population was reduced to 6,448,800,000

influenza

a) The influenza epidemic was first documented in Italy in 1743.

b) Influenza is transmitted through the air from the respiratory tract of an infected person. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with respiratory droplets.

c) Typical influenza disease is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and non-productive cough. Additional symptoms may include runny nose, headache, a burning sensation in the chest, and eye pain and sensitivity to light.

d) The incubation period of influenza is usually two days but can range from one to five days.

e) There is a vaccine to prevent you from catching influenza every year. but there are other preventions:

1. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. If you are not near water, use an alcohol-based hand cleaner.

2. Stay away as much as you can from people who are sick.

3. If you get influenza, stay home from work or school. If you are sick, don’t go near other people to avoid infecting them.

4. Try not to touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs often spread this way.

f) Between September 1918 and March 1919, an epidemic of Spanish influenza swept through the United States and the world. The flu virus caused the deaths of more than 500,000 Americans and 25 million people worldwide

g) the population decreased to 6,425,000,000

TB

a) Tuberculosis was present in humans skeletal remains in 4000 BC, the origins of the disease are in the first domestication of cattle. There were references to TB in India around 2000 BC.

b) TB is spread through droplets in the air which are expelled when a person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or spits.

c) Symptoms are a bloody cough, fever, pallor, and long relentless wasting.

d) After a person has been infected, TB can lie dormant for long periods of time; in fact, a person who contracts the infection may never get the disease and live a whole lifetime unaware of it. Other people get the disease very quickly after infection. How quickly TB infection becomes TB disease is determined in part by the strength of a person’s immune system. Stronger immune systems can often hold the disease at bay; weaker ones are less able to do so.

e) There is treatment for TB. It takes six to nine months and sometimes longer. Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Ethambutol are a few of the oral medications. Medication can only reduce the risk of dying though, it can’t eliminate it.

f) Despite the marvels of modern medicine, over the past hundred years TB has sent about 200 million people to the grave. Up to two billion people-one third of the world’s population-are already infected with the TB bacillus, a type of bacterium. In addition, another person is infected with TB every second! In 1995 the number of people with full-blown TB was about 22 million. Nearly three million died, most of them in the developing world.

g) the population decreased to 6,250,000,000

Typhoid

a) December 1889, Typhoid Fever broke out in Wentworth.

b) People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons, called carriers , recover from typhoid fever

but continue to carry the bacteria.

c) Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, infected persons have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

d) The incubation differs for typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is usually 8–14 days but this depends on the infective dose and can vary from three days to one month.

Paratyphoid fever is usually one to ten days.

e) Patients will be given antibiotic to treat the disease. Three commonly prescribed antibiotics are ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin

f) 21 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,th000 deaths occur worldwide.

g) The population decreased to 644,800,000