cornell notes i emailed to you 
section assessment
13-1
1. One example of selective breeding is specifically selecting a pure breed poodle to mate with another pure breed poodle.
2. A breeder can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.
3. Breeders can increase mutation by using radiation and chemicals.
4. Polyploidy is having extra chromosomes in your cells.
5. Plants could altered to be more rististant to rotting. This way countries can send fresh crops to foreign countries.
13-2
1. Different techniques are used to attract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.
2. Knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA allows researchers to study specific genes, to compare then\m with the genes of other organisms, and to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations.
3. A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel and an electric voltage is applied to the gel.
4. The polymerase chain reaction allows biologists to make copies of a particular gene. In the polymerase chain reaction a DNA fragment is heated to separate the strands then, a complementary strand is added, and this is repeated as many times as needed to make the amount of copies needed.
13-3
1. Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
2. If transformation is successful, the recombinant KNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
3. A genetic marker makesis used to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t.
4. Two features that make plasmids useful for transforming cells are that it makes the plasmid useful is the DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial orgin of replication, and it contains a genetic marker.
5. The difference between the process of transformation of a prokaryotic cell and the one within a eukaryotic cell is that it would take place in the nucleolus of a eucharistic cell and it can anywhere in the body of a prokaryotic cell.
13-4
1.Transgenic bacteria: can be formed with the genes for human proteins to produce these important compounds cheaply and in great amounts. Transgenic animals create animals with the attributes needed in order tomake a profit. Tran genetic plants creates plants with better chances of growing to acheive a substansian agriculteral profit.
2. A transgenic organism is contains genes from other organisms.
3. To create Dolly the nucleus of an egg cell is removed, then, the cell is fused with a cell taken from another adult. The fused cell begins to divide and the embryo is then placed in the reproductive system of a foster mother, and develops normally.
4. I would be concerned about eating genetically modified food because it could contain a chemical that could possibly be a ,how do you say, toxin to my body!
Chapter 13 vocabulary
1. Selective breeding- allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
2. Hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
3. Inbreeding- the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
4. Polyploid- cells that have double or triple the normal number of chromosomes
5. Genetic engineering- making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
6. Restriction enzyme- cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
7. Gel electrophoresis-a mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel
8. Recombinant DNA- when the gene from one organism attaches to the DNA of another organism
9. Polymerase chain reaction – technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
10. Plasmid- a small circular DNA molecule
11. Genetic marker- a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t
12. Transgenic- they contain genes from other organisms
13. Clone- a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
