cornell notes
Cornell Notes
| What are the structures of the circulatory system? |
-The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them.
|
What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?
Section 2
What is the function of each type of blood cell?
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Section 3
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
How does smoking affect the respiratory system? |
-As blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through the three types of blood vessels – arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Capillaries
–most numerous vessels
–connect arteries to veins
–microscopic, one cell thick walls
–site of much exchange between the blood and the intracellular fluid (lymph) by diffusion
Arteries
–carry blood away from the heart
–usually spurt blood when cut
–all except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood
–thick walled and elastic
H. Veins
–carry blood toward the heart
–contain valves
–closer to the body surface than the arteries
–all except the pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated blood
–thinner, less muscular and elastic than arteries
–depend upon muscle and diaphragm movements for blood flow
-Red blood cells transport oxygen
– Most numerous
– Biconcave disc shaped
– Smaller than white blood cells, larger than platelets
– No nucleus when mature
– produced in the red marrow of long bones
– destroyed in the liver and spleen
- contain the iron protein compound HEMOGLOBIN whose chief function is to combine with oxygen and carry it to the cells
White Blood cells
–Largest blood cells–several different types
–about 8,000 per drop of blood
–most are formed in the bone marrow or in the lymph tissue
–most protect the body against diseases by forming antibodies or engulfing bacteria
a. Main White Blood Cell Types
1. Phagocytes– engulf bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis
–able to leave the bloodstream and move between the cells of the body by squeezing through the capillary walls
2. Lymphocytes–produce antibodies which clump bacterial poisons or bacteria (antigens) (antigens–foreign substances in the body)
3. Platelets–smallest blood cells (fragments)
–150,000 to 300,000 per drop of blood
–needed for clotting
-The lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system. The fluid is known as lymph.
-The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
1. Nostrils: opening to the nasal passages
2. Nasal passages: lined with a mucus membrane bearing cilia (warms, moistens, and filters incoming air)
3. Pharynx (throat)–cavity in back of mouth
4. Glottis: windpipe or trachea opening
Epiglottis–muscular flap covering the glottis–prevents food
from entering the windpipe
5. Larynx (voice box) upper part of the windpipe containing sound producing vocal cords
6. Trachea: (windpipe)–about 4 inches long & 1 inch in diameter –supported by rings of cartilage –lined with a ciliated mucus membrane which filters incoming air
7. Bronchi: two main branches of trachea which enter lungs –lined with cartilage and ciliated
8. Bronchioles: smallest air tubes which end at the alveoli or air sacs –cartilage ring support “fades out” from this point on
9. Alveoli (air sacs): site of respiratory gas exchange by diffusion –resemble bunches of grapes –moist surface aids exchange–each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries & gas exchange occurs with them (oxygen in–carbon dioxide out)
- Smoking can cause such respiratory diseases as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.
Respiratory malfunctions (in detail):
1. Pneumonia: alveoli fill with fluids and mucus resulting in coughing and breathing difficulties
2. Asthma: allergic reaction in which bronchiole contractions create breathing difficulties
3. Emphysema: air sacs lose their elasticity and breakdown resulting in a loss of respiratory surface in the lungs –shortness of breath is the chief symptom (smoking frequently leads to this disorder) |
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